particle type concepts
This resource defines the concept space for particle type concepts by extension; it includes all concepts in this conceptScheme, as well as concepts in previous versions of the scheme.
CGI Particle Type
Gillespie and Styles 1999
Fragment of rock generated by disruption as a direct result of volcanic action but not formed by previous activity of the magmatic system; generally derived from subvolcanic basement.
accidental pyroclastic fragment
this vocabulary
Generic term for a non-clastic particle that is itself composed of an aggregation of particles.
aggregate non clastic particle
based on Neuendorf et al 2005
Cavity filled with secondary minerals; denotes that cavities are filled vesicles, thus restricted to volcanic rock.
amygdule
Gillespie and Styles,1999
Fragments of extrusive igneous rock formed by mechanical friction of moving lava flow, breakage of chilled lava flow rinds, or gravity crumbling of active spines and domes. Gillespie and Styles (1999) include as type of juvenile pyroclastic fragment, inconsistent with definition of pyroclastic by IUGS and BGS.
autoclast
Williams,Turner,Gilbert 1954
Elongate to irregular lense with radial aggregates of acicular and fibrous mineral coalescing along a central axis.
axiolite
NADM SLTTs 2004
Granular sedimentary particle that is a "fragmentary piece of a shell, bone, or other hard skeletal structure of an animal, plant, or protozoan. May be fossilized or non-fossilized". Use in situations where fossil organism can not be identified, thus 'material fossil' is inappropriate.
bioclast
NADM SLTTs 2004
A type of granular particle formed by the physiological activities of organisms (plants, animals, protozoa) that produce body parts which subsequently are incorporated into a sediment aggregate. Contrast with nonbiogenic particle. Includes biogenic objects that are whole or fragmentary (bioclasts); can be fossilized or non-fossilized.
biogenic particle
this vocabulary
Generic term for a small rounded particle of uncertain origin
bleb
this vocabulary
Constituent is empty space between particles in a compound material; generally filled with some sort of fluid. Cavity particle types can be used to describe porosity in a granular material.
cavity
NADM SLTTs 2004
A general term for a grain that has coats or layers of foreign material, usually fine mud-sized and occasionally recrystallized, that form concentric or overlapping shells around a core of rock, shell, peloidal, or intraclastic material. (eg: oolith, pisolith)
coated particle
Base on Gillespie and Styles, 1999
Pyroclast consisting of rock which formed during earlier (related) volcanic activity that have been ejected with other pyroclastic debris during a later eruption.
cognate fragments
Neuendorf et al, 2005
A hard, compact mass or aggregate of mineral matter, normally subsperical but commonly oblate, disc-shaped or irregular. Formed by precipitation of mineral from solution in the pores of a granular rock, localized around a nucleus or center, to define a discrete, sharply separated object. Size ranges from cm to meters. Particle geometry description for concretion describes the concretion size and shape, not the size and shape of particles forming the concretion.
concretionary particle
Neuendorf et al., 2005
The fossilised excrement of vertebrate animals
coprolite
this vocabulary
A fragment of a crystal interpreted to have been broken by pyroclastic processes.
crystal fragment
Struik, 2002; NADM SLTTs 2004
Constituent that is the product of crystallization during formation of a compound Earth material (see NADMC1 2004). Serves to distinguish crystalline from granular rocks (Struik, 2002). Includes constituents crystallized in evaporite environments, during diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration, or in other low-temperature environments.
crystalline grain
Williams,Turner,Gilbert, 1954
Constitutent occurs as minute, spherical, rod, or hair-like forms. Typically appear isotropic in thin section.
crystallite
Schmid 1981
An individual constituent, grain or fragment of a sediment or rock, produced by erosion of a larger rock mass. Particle whose origin as a fragment is a result of surface (sedimentary, weathering...) processes. 'Crystals, crystal fragments, glass and rock fragments that have been liberated from any type of pre-existing consolidated rock (volcanic or non-volcanic) by weathering or erosion and transported from the site of origin by gravity, air, water, or ice' [Schmid, 1981]. Distinguished from intraclast in that epiclast is derived from a pre-existing rock from outside the basin of deposition (NADM SLTTs 2004) before introduction into a compoundMaterial (sense of NADMC1, 2004).
epiclast
Neuendorf et al., 2005
an organic excrement, mainly of invertebrates, occuring especially in modern marine sediments but also fossilised in some sedimentary rocks, usually with simple ovoid form, less commonly rod-shaped.
fecal pellet
based on Neuendorf et al 2005
Primary or penecontemporaneous gap or cavity in the framework of a sedimentary rock, larger than grain-supported intersticies. May be open space or have partial to complete fill with secondary cement or introduced sediment.
fenestra
Neuendorf et al 2005; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiamme
Lens-shaped bodies, usually mm to cm thick, and centimeters to 1-2 decimeters long, typically seen on surfaces of some pyroclastic rocks. The name fiamme comes from the Italian word for flames, describing their shape. The term is descriptive and non-genetic.Generally interpreted to form by the collapse of pumice fragments during welding in a hot pyroclastic deposit.
fiamme
Neuendorf et al., 2005
A cavity within a crystal containing liquid and/or gas, formed by the entrapment in crystal irregularities of fluid, commonly that from which the mineral crystallised.
fluid inclusion
Base on Gillespie and Styles, 1999
Pyroclast that has a a rounded, fluidal shape indicating that it was in a wholly or partly molten state during formation and subsequent transport. Concept corresponds to bomb, but with no size denotation.
fluidal pyroclast
Neuendorf et al., 2005
An aggregate of crystals of the same mineral
glomerocryst
NADM SLTTs 2004
Solid constituent in a compound earth material (sense of NADMC1) that is a pre-existing object before incorporation into a particulate aggregate. "...a component of solid material that has the form of grains, clasts, fragments, or whole objects of any size, shape, composition, texture, and structure." (NADMSC SLTTs, 2004)
granular particle
Neuendorf et al., 2005
A crystalline grain in a metamorphic rock that is newly and completely formed during metamorphism
holoblast
Gillespie and Styles 1999
Juvenile pyroclastic fragment formed by magma-water interaction during subaqueous or subglacial extrusion; typically consist of chilled glass.
hydroclast
Neuendorf et al 2005; this vocabulary
a tabular or sheet-like part of a compound material formed by hydrothermal (or other metasomatic) mineral filling a fracture; may be associated with replacement of the host rock adjacent to the body
hydrothermal vein
this vocabulary
Aggregate non-clastic particle that are of igneous origin. Particle types for compound material are restricted to inclusions that are typically of a size consistent with hand-sample description to characterize a kind of rock or a rock sample; larger inclusion types are included in the GeologicUnitPart role vocabulary.
igneous inclusion
this vocabulary
a tabular or sheet like part of a compound material formed by the intrusion of magma
igneous vein
NADM SLTTs 2004; Neuendorf et al., 2005; Folk, 1959
A broad, general term introduced by Folk (1959, p. 4) for a component of limestone, representing a torn-up and re-worked fragment of a penecontemporaneous sediment (usually weakly consolidated) that has been eroded within the basin of deposition...and re-deposited there...The fragment may range in size from fine sand to gravel...
intraclast
this vocabulary
a tabular or sheet-like part of a compound material, genetic origin not specified
intrusive sheet
Gillespie and Styles 1999
Fragment formed directly from cooling magma during transport prior to primary deposition.
juvenile pyroclastic fragment
this vocabulary
A clast derived by erosion from older, pre-existing rock materials of any kind, usually beyond the basin of accumulation but occasionally from within the basin of deposition (as from a submarine or subaqueous exposure adjacent to a depositional site). A clast that is identified as a piece of rock.
lithic clast
Neuendorf et al., 2005, p. 375
A mechanically formed and deposited fragment of a carbonate rock...derived from an older, lithified limestone or dolomite within, adjacent to, or outside the depositional site.
lithoclast
Neuendorf et al 2005
Bubble-like cavity with concentric shells of finely crystalline minerals; open space remains in core of structure. Radiating fibrous structure may be present in secondary mineral fill. Typically in silicic volcanic rock.
lithophysae
GeoSciML v2 RC1 model element scope note
The preserved remains or replaced remains (casts) of plants and animals. A fossil type may have one or more described associated organisms. If particle type is materialFossil, an additional type property element may provide a reference to a Paleontologic description of the fossil.
material fossil
Neuendorf et al 2005
An irregular cavity in a phaneritic igneous rock into which small crystals of the rock-forming minerals protrude.
miarolitic cavity
Williams,Turner,Gilbert, 1954
Constituent occurs as minute incipient crystals that display some birefringence in thin section.
microlite
NADM SLTTs 2004
An epiclast that is composed of a single mineral.
mineral clast
Neuendorf et al., 2005
An irregularly rounded mass of a mineral or mineral aggregate normally having a warty or knobby surface and no internal sructure, usually with a contrasting composition from the enclosing sediment or rock matrix in which it is embedded, and that can be separated as a discrete mass from the host material. Igneous nodules should be classified as 'Igneous inclusions'.
nodule
Jackson 1997; Hallsworth and Knox 1999
A '...coated grain with a cortex of irregular, partially overlapping laminae. They are typically irregular in shape and may exhibit biogenic structures. Some forms lack a distinct nucleus. Oncoids are generally larger than 2 mm.' (Hallsworth and Knox, 1999, p. 27). Synonymous with oncolite: A small, variously shaped, concentrically laminated, calcareous sedimentary structure, resembling an oolith, and formed by the accretion of successive layer[s]... It...generally does not exceed 10 cm in dimension. (Jackson, 1997, p. 446).
oncoid
Jackson1997; Hallsworth and Knox 1999
A general, nongenetic term for a particle that resembles an oolith in outer appearance and size- (Jackson, 1997, p. 447). Hallsworth and Knox (1999, p. 27) describe ooids as coated grains that typically are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, with the degree of roundness increasing outward. Concentric to semi-concentric coats are smoothly and evenly laminated. A nucleus usually is present, and may have a composition different from the coatings. Biogenic structures are not obvious. NADMSC SLTTs (2004) considers synomous with oolith.
ooid
this vocabulary
igneous constituent typically mafic, equant rounded spheroid with concentric mineralogic banding
orb
Neuendorf et al. 2005
A crystal or remnant of a crystal that is older than other mineral grains in the rock, especially in metamorphic rocks
paleoblast
Neuendorf et al., 2005
a pseudomorph with the same composition as the original crystal (eg: calcite after aragonite)
paramorph
Neuendorf et al., 2005
a usually rounded aggregate of clay-sized calcareous (micritic) material; origin and size is not specified
peloid
NADM SLTTs 2004; Jackson 1997
"A round or ellipsoidal accretionary body resembling a pea in size and shape.... A pisoid...is larger and less regular in form than an ooid, although it may have the same concentric and/or radial internal structure" (Jackson, 1997, p. 489).
pisoid
Neuendorf et al 2005, this vocabulary
Open space between particles in a granular aggregate
pore space
Neuendorf et al. 2005; Spry 1969; Fettes and Desmons, 2007
Constituent particle that has the outward form of a mineral species or particle type, but the original minerals composing the particle have been altered or replaced by different minerals; a secondary mineral whose outward crystal form has been inherited from the orignal mineral it has replaced.
pseudomorph
NADM SLTTs 2004; Jackson, 1997; Gillespie and Styles 1999
"An individual particle ejected during a volcanic eruption." (Jackson, 1997, p. 521). Clast whose origin is a direct result of volcanic process (excludes fragments in lava autobreccia) and has not been reworked by sedimentary processes (Gillespie and Styles 1999).
pyroclast
Gillespie and Styles 1999
Fragment formed as a direct result of volcanic activity and reworked by sedimentary processes.
reworked pyroclastic fragment
GGIPAC
a tabular body, generally a few cm to a few metres long, within a plutonic rock, having different mineral proportions and colour to the surrounding rock
schlieren
GGIPAC
a vitric fragment in pyroclastic rocks, often with a characteristically curved surface of fracture. Shards generally consist of bubble-wall fragments produced by disintegration of pumice during or after an eruption
shard
Neuendorf et al 2005
Particle is defined as a "General term, used without restriction as to shape composition or internal structure, for a separable or distinct unit in a [compound material]." (Neuendorf et al, 2005). Unclassified solid constituent in a compound material. Note that the term particle has no size denotation as used here.
solid constituent particle
Williams,Turner,Gilbert 1954
a rounded or spherical mass of acicular or fibrous mineral, generally in glassy siliceous lava.
spherule
NADM SLTTs 2004; Jackson 1997
Particle formed by chemical precipitation at sediment-water interface, lacking layered structure that characterizes coated grains. Includes glauconite grains, manganese nodules, phosphate grains.
syngenetic nodule
NADM SLTTs 2004
A type of nonbiogenic particle formed by in situ or intrabasinal physical-chemical-mechanical processes without the direct biochemical activity of organisms, penecontemporaneously with sediment accumulation or during diagenetic modification.
syngenetic particle
Williams,Turner,Gilbert 1954
Spherulitic cluster of crystals in mafic rock, usually consists of divergent plagioclase fibers, with or without interstitial glass, or intergrown with granules of pyroxene, olivine or iron ore. (equivalent to Spherule, but in mafic rock)
variole
Neuendorf et al., 2005
A granular particle that has been shaped, worn, faceted, cut or polished by the action of windblown sand.
ventrifact
Neuendorf et al 2005
Cavity in volcanic rock formed by trapped gas. Use amygdule if filled with secondary mineral.
vesicle
Neuendorf et al 2005
Irregular cavity in rock; generic term with no connotation of origin of cavity. May be lined with crystals of different mineral compostion to the host rock
vug
Neuendorf et al., 2005
A crystal that resembles a phenocryst in an igneous rock, but that is foreign to the rock in which it occurs
xenocryst
Concept Definition Task Group of IUGS CGI Interoperability Working Group (http://www.cgi-iugs.org/tech_collaboration/interoperability_working_group.html)
application/rdf+xml
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifierscheme/cgi/201211/particletype
en
Concept Definition Task Group of IUGS CGI Interoperability Working Group (http://www.cgi-iugs.org/tech_collaboration/interoperability_working_group.html)
CGI Particle Type Categories
201211
2009-12-07 SMR Update metadata properties for version, creator, title, and format. Change skos:HistoryNote to dc:source for information on origin of terms and definitions.
This file contains the CGI Particle type vocabulary. Used to specify particleType in particleTypeDescription associated with a compoundMaterial. Terms to specify the nature of individual particles of each constituent in an aggregation, based mostly on their genesis. Because the constituents are identifiable parts, the part units must have some definition. Examples include clasts, crystals, pore space, material fossil. Constituent type is determined based on the nature of the particles, and ideally is independent of the relationship between particles in a compound material aggregation.
2012-11-24 SMR Update to 201211 version; add collection entity, check all pref labels are lower case, remove owl:NamedIndividual and Owl:Thing rdf:types.
2012-02-07 SMR update URI to replace numeric final token with English-language string as in original URN scheme.
2010-11-28 SMR Replace URN identifiers with http URI identifiers according to CGI URI scheme (see https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/wiki/bin/view/CGIModel/PersistentIdentifiersInGeoSciMLServices)
2009-07-14. Generate SKOS encoding of vocabulary from Excel spreadsheet.
2010-02-08. SMR Clean up namespace declarations so concept URI's follow CGI URN scheme; concepts have URN, are not document fragments.
2010-02-13 Add narrower relationship links by adding skos:narrower link in Protege, defining skos:narrower as inverse of skos:broader, calculating with Pellet reasoner to add inferred axioms, and using 'file/Export inferred axioms as ontology' in Protege.
2012-02-27 SMR add skos:exactMatch triples relating URI in this vocabulary with URI for equivalent concepts in 201012 version that use numeric tokens.
CGI Particle Type Categories
Particle type vocabulary